Cocoa and Increased Choline Level

Doses used in studies

mg/day: 500 (median 500, IQR 500–500) — 1 study

Time to effect

Median: 12.2 months · IQR 12.2 months–12.2 months · Range 12.2 months–12.2 months — Reported in 1 of 1 study

1 of 1 paper

A pilot and feasibility analysis of serum TMAO and choline in a randomized sample from the COSMOS trial.

2025
RCT · n = 40
Food & function 16(22)
- Irene Sánchez Gavilán
- Sidong Li
- Michael G Sweet
- Juanita G Ratliff
- Pamela M Rist
- Eunjung Kim
- JoAnn E Manson
- Howard D Sesso
- Andrew P Neilson

PubMed: 41127993
DOI: 10.1039/d5fo02596f

2 Insights on

Increased Choline Level

High evidence
Rigorous Journal
Elderly

the group assigned CE showed trends toward higher levels of choline (0.84 (-1.57, 3.25)) at year 1, but the between-group differences in the 1 year changes in choline were again not statistically significant (2.23 [95% CI, (-1.31, 5.78)]; P = 0.21).

Effect: Neutral
Effect size: Small
Significant: No
Dose: 500 mg/day flavanols