Cocoa and Reduced Upper Respiratory Infections

• Comparative effectiveness of oral nutritional supplements in preventing respiratory tract infections among adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

  • 2025-10
  • Meta-Analysis · n = 751
  • EClinicalMedicine 88
  • • Zhixin Zhu
    • Xiaoxia Zhu
    • Yanru Chu
    • Bing Zhang
    • Yi Chen

  • PubMed: 40969681
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103479

  3 Insights on

  • Reduced Upper Respiratory Infections

  • High evidence

  Bifidobacterium animalis (RR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.63, 0.99; n = 3; moderate certainty) ... were the most effective interventions for reducing RTI incidence.

  Effect

  Beneficial

  Effect size

  Moderate

  Significant

  Yes