Research synthesisModerate evidenceSmall effect4 studies · 3 beneficial · 1 neutral · 0 harmful
Across 4 studies (all meta-analyses or systematic reviews), 3 reported beneficial small effects on total cholesterol reduction, with 1 neutral finding. The evidence primarily comes from adult populations, including clinical groups such as those with type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia, or metabolic-related diseases. Doses and forms were not consistently reported, and study durations were not specified.
- Studied populations: Clinical populations with metabolic conditions (e.g., type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia, noncommunicable diseases) and general adults.
Caveats: Evidence base is limited to 4 studies, all meta-analyses or systematic reviews. Effect sizes are small and clinical significance may be limited. One meta-analysis in patients with type 2 diabetes/hyperglycemia found no significant effect, suggesting potential population-specific variability. Doses and forms were not consistently reported, and high heterogeneity was observed in one meta-analysis (I²=97%).
Generated Jul 15, 2026