Iron and Increased Transforming Growth Factor-β Levels

Doses used in studies

mg/L: 2–8 (median 5, IQR 2–8) — 1 study

Safety in these studies

infectionNo significant difference
No significant differences in otitis, respiratory infections, gastroenteritis, or other monitored infections and treatments were detected for any of the study feeding groups during the first 6 months and only a few and diverging effects were observed between 6 and 12 months.
from: Immunological Effects of Adding Bovine Lactoferrin and Reducing Iron in Infant Formula: A
Overall tolerabilityReported
No adverse effects were observed.
from: Immunological Effects of Adding Bovine Lactoferrin and Reducing Iron in Infant Formula: A

1 of 1 paper

Immunological Effects of Adding Bovine Lactoferrin and Reducing Iron in Infant Formula: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

2021-12-14
RCT · n = 180
Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition 74(3)
- Maria Björmsjö
- Olle Hernell
- Bo Lönnerdal
- Staffan K Berglund

PubMed: 34908015
DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003367

6 Insights on

Increased Transforming Growth Factor-β Levels

High evidence
Large Human Trial
Infants

There were no apparent effects on transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)1, TGF-β2, tumor necrosis factor alfa (TNF-α) or interleukin2 (IL-2) at 4, 6, or 12 months, except of higher TGF-β2 at 6 months in the CF group in comparison to the low iron groups combined (P = 0.033).

Effect: Neutral
Effect size: Small
Significant: No
Dose: 2 mg/L (low-iron formula) vs 8 mg/L (standard formula)