Minoxidil is primarily known for its use in treating hair loss, particularly androgenetic alopecia (AGA), which affects both men and women. Here are key points about minoxidil based on current authoritative information:

1. Mechanism of Action: Minoxidil works through multiple pathways, including acting as a vasodilator, anti-inflammatory agent, and inducer of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway¹. It enhances hair follicle size and prolongs the anagen phase (growth phase of hair follicles), which helps in promoting hair growth.

2. Forms and Usage: Minoxidil is available in both topical and oral forms. Topical minoxidil is FDA-approved and is available in 2% and 5% concentrations. The oral form is often prescribed off-label for hair loss, especially in cases where topical treatments have failed or are not suitable². Oral minoxidil can be effective at low doses (0.25 to 5 mg per day), particularly for female pattern hair loss and chronic telogen effluvium³.

3. Efficacy: Studies have shown that topical minoxidil can be effective in promoting hair growth and slowing hair loss progression. Significant improvements in hair growth have been observed with regular use over several months. Oral minoxidil has also been found to be effective, and in some cases, more effective than topical applications⁴.

4. Side Effects: The most common side effect of topical minoxidil is scalp irritation, which can include redness, dryness, and itching. Oral minoxidil, initially developed as a treatment for hypertension, has side effects including hypertrichosis (excessive hair growth in non-target areas), headaches, and in rare cases, cardiovascular effects⁵.

5. Safety: Both topical and oral minoxidil are generally considered safe when used as directed. However, it is important to monitor for side effects, particularly if used in higher doses or over prolonged periods⁶.

Minoxidil remains a cornerstone in the treatment of hair loss, with various studies and reviews supporting its efficacy and safety for both men and women.

Footnotes

1. PubMed - Minoxidil Mechanism of Action ↩

2. Mayo Clinic - Minoxidil Description ↩

3. PubMed - Oral Minoxidil Efficacy ↩

4. Examine.com - Minoxidil ↩

5. StatPearls - Minoxidil Side Effects ↩

6. Effect of Oral Minoxidil for Alopecia ↩