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Horny goat weed extract, derived from plants in the Epimedium genus, is commonly included in supplements for a variety of health benefits. Here are some of the main actions and effects attributed to it:

1. Erectile Dysfunction (ED): Horny goat weed is thought to help with ED by inhibiting phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5), an enzyme also targeted by drugs like Viagra. This inhibition can increase cyclic GMP levels, promoting smooth muscle relaxation and enhancing blood flow to the penis¹²³.

2. Bone Health: Some studies suggest horny goat weed may improve bone mineral density (BMD) and ameliorate pain intensity in individuals with osteoporosis¹⁴.

3. Cardiovascular Benefits: It has potential cardioprotective properties, possibly helping to reduce atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and other cardiovascular conditions¹³.

4. Neuroprotective Effects: There is some evidence from in vitro and animal studies suggesting that horny goat weed may protect against neurodegenerative diseases by enhancing antioxidant activities and reducing brain inflammation and oxidative stress¹⁵.

5. Hormonal Effects: In postmenopausal women, one study found that horny goat weed elevated estrogen levels and reduced cholesterol and triglyceride levels¹.

6. Other Uses: Traditional uses include supporting respiratory health, kidney function, and alleviating menopausal symptoms, although scientific evidence for these benefits is limited³⁵⁶.

While these effects are promising, it's important to note that human trials are limited and further research is needed to confirm these benefits. Additionally, horny goat weed may have potential side effects, especially with long-term or high-dose usage⁵.