An 8-Week Vitamin D3-Fortified Fruit Drink Supplementation Increases Serum Ferritin Concentration: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Malaysian Women With Low Iron Stores.
- 2024-11
- Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 124(11)
- Nursyafiqah Aqilah Suhaimi
- Su Peng Loh
- Norhafizah Ab Manan
- Nurzalinda Zalbahar
- Muhammad Najib Mohamad Alwi
- Salma Faeza Ahmad Fuzi
- PubMed: 38408566
- DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2024.02.013
Study Design
- Type
- Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)
- Sample size
- n = 45
- Population
- 45 healthy, nonpregnant, nonlactating iron-deficient women aged 18–40 years
- Methods
- 8-week double-blind randomized controlled trial, vitamin D3-fortified fruit drink (4,000 IU) vs placebo
- Blinding
- Double-blind
- Duration
- 8 weeks
Background
There is limited randomized controlled trial evidence to support the association between vitamin D deficiency and anemia risk, highlighting the necessity for further investigations into the role of vitamin D in influencing iron status.Objective
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of vitamin D3-fortified fruit drink consumption (4,000 IU) on vitamin D and iron status biomarkers among iron-deficient women (serum ferritin of <20 μg/L [to convert μg/L ferritin to ng/mL, multiply by 1]).Design
An 8-week double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted.Subjects/setting
A total of 45 healthy, nonpregnant, nonlactating subjects aged 18 through 40 years (mean [SD] 25.3 [4.6] years) were included in the study, excluding those who donated blood 6 months prior, regularly consumed nutritional supplements, or had gastrointestinal or iron metabolic disorders.Intervention
Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either vitamin D3-fortified fruit drink or a placebo.Main outcome measures
Measurements of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D), serum ferritin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and full blood count concentrations were obtained at baseline, interim, and post intervention.Statistical analyses
A mixed model, repeated measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the intervention effect.Results
Attrition rate for the study was 13%, with 6 dropouts, and 39 subjects completed the study. Daily consumption of vitamin D3-fortified fruit drink in the intervention group resulted in significant increases in 25(OH)D and serum ferritin concentrations compared with the placebo group. The intervention group showed significantly higher mean (SD) changes (Δ) in both 25(OH)D (Δ 76.4 [30.2] nmol/L [to convert nmol/L 25(OH)D to ng/mL, multiply by .4] vs Δ -1.3 [10.7] nmol/L; P = .001) and serum ferritin concentrations (Δ 2.2 [4.2] μg/L vs Δ -0.3 [3.4] μg/L; P = .048) between baseline and post intervention. The other iron status biomarkers were not affected by the intervention.Conclusions
Our study found that daily vitamin D3-fortified fruit drink supplementation for 8 weeks effectively improved 25(OH)D and iron stores, indicated by increased serum ferritin concentrations, in iron-deficient women. Further research is needed to evaluate its safety, efficacy, feasibility, and optimal food fortification in diverse populations.Research Insights
The other iron status biomarkers were not affected by the intervention.
- Effect
- Neutral
- Effect size
- Small
- Dose
- 4000 IU/day
Daily consumption of vitamin D3-fortified fruit drink in the intervention group resulted in significant increases in 25(OH)D... The intervention group showed significantly higher mean (SD) changes (Δ) in both 25(OH)D (Δ 76.4 [30.2] nmol/L... vs Δ -1.3 [10.7] nmol/L; P = .001)
- Effect
- Beneficial
- Effect size
- Large
- Dose
- 4000 IU/day
...serum ferritin concentrations (Δ 2.2 [4.2] μg/L vs Δ -0.3 [3.4] μg/L; P = .048)
- Effect
- Beneficial
- Effect size
- Small
- Dose
- 4000 IU/day