Bacillus subtilis: A plant-growth promoting rhizobacterium that also impacts biotic stress

Abstract

Plants encounter many biotic agents, such as viruses, bacteria, nematodes, weeds, and arachnids. These entities induce biotic stress in their hosts by disrupting normal metabolism, and as a result, limit plant growth and/or are the cause of plant mortality. Some biotic agents, however, interact symbiotically or synergistically with their host plants. Some microbes can be beneficial to plants and perform the same role as chemical fertilizers and pesticides, acting as a biofertilizer and/or biopesticide. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can significantly enhance plant growth and represent a mutually helpful plant-microbe interaction. Bacillus species are a major type of rhizobacteria that can form spores that can survive in the soil for long period of time under harsh environmental conditions. Plant growth is enhanced by PGPR through the induction of systemic resistance, antibiosis, and competitive omission. Thus, the application of microbes can be used to induce systemic resistance in plants against biotic agents and enhance environmental stress tolerance. Bacillus subtilis exhibits both a direct and indirect biocontrol mechanism to suppress disease caused by pathogens. The direct mechanism includes the synthesis of many secondary metabolites, hormones, cell-wall-degrading enzymes, and antioxidants that assist the plant in its defense against pathogen attack. The indirect mechanism includes the stimulation of plant growth and the induction of acquired systemic resistance. Bacillus subtilis can also solubilize soil P, enhance nitrogen fixation, and produce siderophores that promote its growth and suppresses the growth of pathogens. Bacillus subtilis enhances stress tolerance in their plant hosts by inducing the expression of stress-response genes, phytohormones, and stress-related metabolites. The present review discusses the activity of B. subtilis in the rhizosphere, its role as a root colonizer, its biocontrol potential, the associated mechanisms of biocontrol and the ability of B. subtilis to increase crop productivity under conditions of biotic and abiotic stress.

Keywords: ABA, abscisic acid; ACC, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase; Abiotic stress; Bacillus subtilis; Biocontrol mechanism; Biocontrol potential; Biotic stress; GA3, gibberellic acid; IAA, indole acetic acid; ISR, induced systemic resistance; JA, jasmonic acid; LPs, lipopeptides; PAL, phenylalanine ammonialyase; PGP, plant growth promotion; PGPR, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria; POD, peroxidase; PPO, polyphenol oxidase; Rhizobacteria; SOD, superoxide dismutase; VOCs, volatile organic compounds.