Skip to main content
Evidence-Based Supplement Research
Evidence-Based Supplement Research
Pillser
Search
Sign UpLog In

Impact of almond milk fortified with vitamin D3-loaded soy protein nanoparticles on serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations in adults with CKD: a pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial.

  • 2025-07-12
  • Journal of nephrology 38(6)
    • Li-Ying Kuo
    • Blanca Nuria Casta Neda
    • Yangyi E Luo
    • Jiyan Aslan Ceylan
    • Juan E Andrade
    • Jeanette M Andrade

Study Design

Type
Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)
Sample size
n = 18
Population
adults with advanced stages of CKD (n=18)
Methods
21-day, double-blind randomized controlled pilot study; participants randomly assigned to consume 4 oz (118 ml) of almond milk daily with 4000 IU of vitamin D3 dispersed in soy protein nanoparticles (intervention) or almond milk without vitamin D (control)
Blinding
Double-blind
Duration
21 days
Funding
Unclear

Background

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) impairs the activation of vitamin D, leading to deficiencies that exacerbate disease progression and metabolic complications. This pilot study investigated the effects of consuming almond milk fortified with vitamin D3 nanoparticles on 25(OH)D3 among adults with advanced stages of CKD.

Methods

A 21-day, double-blind randomized controlled pilot study was conducted. Participants (n = 18) were randomly assigned to consume 4 oz (118 ml) of almond milk daily with 4000 IU of vitamin D3 dispersed in soy protein nanoparticles (intervention group), or almond milk without vitamin D (control group). The primary outcome was the change in serum 25(OH)D3 levels, while secondary outcomes included changes in serum calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Results

From baseline to end of intervention, there was a significant decrease in serum 25(OH)D3 in the control group (49.2 ± 23.3 nmol/L to 44.5 ± 25.6 nmol/L; p < 0.05). In the intervention group, there was a significant increase in 25(OH)D3 (33.0 ± 15.8 nmol/L to 36.4 ± 15.8 nmol/L; p < 0.05). A significant time × treatment interaction (p < 0.01) was observed, with the intervention group showing a marked increase in serum 25(OH)D3. No differences between groups were observed in serum calcium and PTH.

Conclusion

The consumption of almond milk fortified with vitamin D3 dispersed in soy protein nanoparticles increased 25(OH)D3 in adults with advanced stages of CKD over 21-days. Future research should explore the metabolism and long-term efficacy of nanoparticle-based delivery of vitamin D3 in larger, more diverse populations.

Research Insights

  • Vitamin D3→Increased 25(OH)D3 Level

    In the intervention group, there was a significant increase in 25(OH)D3 (33.0 ± 15.8 nmol/L to 36.4 ± 15.8 nmol/L; p < 0.05).

    Effect
    Beneficial
    Effect size
    Small
    Dose
    4000 IU/day
Back to top