Research synthesisModerate evidenceModerate effect4 studies · 4 beneficial · 0 neutral · 0 harmful
Across 4 studies, all reported beneficial effects on reducing systolic blood pressure, with moderate effect sizes predominantly (3 moderate, 1 small). All 4 studies were statistically significant. Effects were observed in various populations including individuals with type 2 diabetes, general adults, young healthy adults, and heat-exposed workers. Only one study reported a dose (130 mg/day) and duration (40 days), limiting dose-response conclusions.
- Studied populations: individuals with type 2 diabetes, general adults, young healthy adults, heat-exposed workers
Caveats: Available evidence is overwhelmingly positive (4 out of 4 studies beneficial) — clinical literature in this area is subject to publication bias (null-result studies are less likely to be published or indexed). Additionally, the evidence base is small (only 4 studies), and doses were reported in only one study (130 mg/day), limiting dose-response conclusions. Study populations were diverse, making it unclear if effects generalize across all groups.
Generated Jul 12, 2026