Research synthesisLow evidenceModerate effect4 studies · 3 beneficial · 1 neutral · 0 harmful
Across 4 studies (all meta-analyses or reviews), 3 reported moderate beneficial reductions in systolic blood pressure, while 1 high-quality meta-analysis in type 2 diabetes patients found a neutral small effect. The predominant effect size among beneficial studies was moderate. Evidence is limited by small number of studies and inconsistency between the highest-quality study and lower-quality reviews.
- Studied populations: Patients with metabolic diseases, cardiovascular risk factors, or hypertension; not clearly effective in type 2 diabetes based on largest study.
Caveats: Evidence base is small (only 4 studies) — conclusions should be considered preliminary. The highest-quality study (meta-analysis of 1136 type 2 diabetes patients) showed no significant benefit, contrasting with lower-quality reviews that found moderate reductions. Publication bias is possible given the predominantly positive findings. All included studies are systematic reviews or meta-analyses, which may share overlapping primary trials.
Generated Jun 10, 2026