Research synthesisModerate evidenceModerate effect4 studies · 4 beneficial · 0 neutral · 0 harmful
Across 4 studies, all reported beneficial effects on cognitive function, with moderate effect sizes observed in 3 studies and a small effect in 1 study. The median study duration was 56 days, suggesting effects may emerge after several weeks. The most specified dose was 1.8 g/day in one acute/chronic RCT, but dosing was not consistently reported.
- Studied populations: healthy adults aged 18–45 and clinical populations (with and without dementia)
Caveats: Available evidence is overwhelmingly positive — clinical literature in this area is subject to publication bias (null-result studies are less likely to be published or indexed). Evidence base is small (only 4 studies) — conclusions should be considered preliminary. One study is a narrative review with low evidence quality, and dosing was not consistently reported across studies.
Generated Jul 13, 2026