Research synthesisLow evidenceMixed effect size3 studies · 2 beneficial · 1 neutral · 0 harmful
Across 3 studies, 2 reported beneficial effects (small to moderate) on reducing inflammation, while the highest-quality RCT found no significant benefit. The predominant effect size is mixed (small to moderate), and the evidence base is limited to overweight and obese adults, with only one study providing dose and duration data (150 mg/day for 28 days). Overall, the findings are preliminary and inconsistent.
- Studied populations: overweight and obese adults, including those with type 2 diabetes
Caveats: Evidence base is small (only 3 studies) — conclusions should be considered preliminary. The highest-quality study (RCT) found no significant effect, while a meta-analysis and a review suggest small-to-moderate benefits; however, this may reflect publication bias or heterogeneity. Only one study reported a dose (150 mg/day for 28 days), limiting dose extrapolation.
Generated Jul 16, 2026