Across all 4 reviewed studies, every paper reported a beneficial effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus L-92 on increased antioxidant activity, with effect sizes ranging from small to moderate (predominantly moderate). However, none of the findings reached statistical significance, and all studies were review-type or lacked formal clinical data on dose, duration, or sample size. The evidence is consistent in direction but limited in strength and specificity.
Caveats: Available evidence is overwhelmingly positive — clinical literature in this area is subject to publication bias (null-result studies are less likely to be published or indexed). Evidence base is small (only 4 studies) — conclusions should be considered preliminary. Many of the included studies did not reach statistical significance — effect may be smaller than the predominant direction suggests. All studies are reviews or lack primary data on dose, duration, and population, limiting the ability to draw quantitative conclusions.
microbial fermentation consistently increases TPC and enhances antioxidant activity
Specific probiotic strains exert their functions via mechanisms such as increasing immunoglobulin levels, suppressing the expression of inflammatory factors, and boosting antioxidant enzyme activity.
It highlights microbial-driven biotransformation of polyphenols and flavonoids, which enhances antioxidant activity and bioavailability.
The extracted PEPs exhibited significant scavenging activity against DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radicals, as well as robust total reducing capacity.