Across 4 studies, all reported beneficial effects on antioxidant activity, with effect sizes mostly moderate. The evidence is based entirely on review articles, with no human clinical trial data available. No consistent dose range or study duration was reported across studies.
Caveats: Evidence base is small (only 4 studies) — conclusions should be considered preliminary. Available evidence is overwhelmingly positive — clinical literature in this area is subject to publication bias (null-result studies are less likely to be published or indexed). All included studies are narrative reviews, not original human trials; direct causal evidence linking Lactobacillus acidophilus L-92 specifically to increased antioxidant activity in humans is lacking. None of the studies reported statistically significant findings, and none provided data on dose, duration, form, or sample size.
microbial fermentation consistently increases TPC and enhances antioxidant activity
Specific probiotic strains exert their functions via mechanisms such as increasing immunoglobulin levels, suppressing the expression of inflammatory factors, and boosting antioxidant enzyme activity.
It highlights microbial-driven biotransformation of polyphenols and flavonoids, which enhances antioxidant activity and bioavailability.
The extracted PEPs exhibited significant scavenging activity against DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radicals, as well as robust total reducing capacity.