Lactobacillus reuteri and Reduced Gingival Index

Across all 3 studies, Lactobacillus reuteri showed consistent beneficial effects on reducing the Gingival Index (GI), with 3 out of 3 studies reporting statistically significant improvements. The predominant effect size was large in 2 studies and small in 1, with effects typically observed at 90 days (based on the single study reporting duration). Most studies were conducted in clinical populations with periodontal conditions or peri-implantitis, and none specified a standardized dose or form.

• Studied populations: Patients with chronic periodontitis, individuals with peri-implantitis, adolescents with betel quid chewing habits

Caveats: Evidence base is small (only 3 studies) — conclusions should be considered preliminary. Available evidence is overwhelmingly positive — clinical literature in this area is subject to publication bias (null-result studies are less likely to be published or indexed). One study was observational and had a small sample size, which limits generalizability. Dose and form data were not consistently reported, making it difficult to recommend a specific regimen.