The effects of β-glucans, specifically the 1,3/1,6 forms, on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) show a complex interaction with the immune system and vary depending on the context and the experimental model used.

1. Immune Modulation: β-glucans are known to modulate the immune system by enhancing the activity of immune cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer cells¹. They can trigger both the innate and adaptive immune responses.

2. Autoimmune Inflammation: There is some evidence that β-glucans can downregulate autoimmune inflammation. For example, studies in murine models of rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis have shown that β-glucans can ameliorate disease symptoms by regulating macrophage activity².

3. Epigenetic Modifications: β-glucans have been reported to induce trained immunity in monocytes and myeloid progenitors, leading to epigenetic and metabolic changes that can persist over time³. This trained immunity may, however, exacerbate certain autoimmune conditions.

4. Lupus Nephritis and Myeloid Skewing: Research indicates that β-glucans can exacerbate lupus nephritis (LN) in SLE models by promoting myeloid skewing and splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH), leading to increased inflammation⁴. This suggests that β-glucans might pose a risk of worsening SLE symptoms, particularly lupus nephritis.

5. Safety and Immunomodulatory Effects: On the other hand, clinical trials have shown that certain forms of β-glucans, such as those derived from Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom), can boost specific and non-specific immune responses and are generally considered safe⁵. However, the implication for individuals with autoimmune diseases like SLE may be different due to the potential for exacerbating autoimmune inflammation.

In conclusion, while β-glucans have immune-boosting properties, their use in SLE patients must be approached with caution due to the risk of exacerbating autoimmune symptoms. Consultation with a healthcare provider is essential before considering β-glucans for managing SLE.

Footnotes

1. Chan, 2009 ↩

2. Fahlquist-Hagert, 2022 ↩

3. Funes, 2022 ↩

4. Zervopoulou, 2024 ↩

5. Chen, 2023 ↩