Exploring Health Impacts of Non-Sugar-Sweetened Beverages: Risks and Interpretations
This chat delves into the complexities surrounding non-sugar-sweetened beverage (NSSB) consumption and its association with health risks such as mortality, cardiovascular disease, and specific cancers, while addressing potential reverse causality and the need for further research to understand long-term effects.
regarding - Abstract
Context
Several effects of non–sugar-sweetened beverage (NSSBs) intake on health outcomes have been reported; however, the evidence on the association between NSSBs intake and chronic diseases and mortality risk is still inconclusive.Objective
This umbrella review aimed to summarize the evidence on the association between NSSBs intake and the risk of chronic diseases and mortality.Data Sources
Embase, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane Central, and PubMed were searched up to September 2023 for relevant meta-analyses of observational prospective cohort studies.Data Extraction
Two groups of researchers independently extracted study data and assessed the risk of bias for meta-analyses and primary studies.Data Analysis
Six meta-analyses, reporting 74 summary hazard ratios (HRs) for different outcomes obtained from 50 primary studies, were included. The summary HRs, 95% CIs, and certainty of evidence on the association of NSSBs intake with risk of chronic diseases and mortality were as follows: all-cause mortality (per 355 mL/d: 1.06 [1.01 to 1.10]; moderate certainty); stroke (per 250 mL/d: 1.09 [1.04 to 1.13]; high certainty); coronary heart disease (CHD) (per 250 mL/d: 1.06 [1.02 to 1.11]; high certainty); hypertension (HTN) (high vs low intake: 1.14 [1.09 to 1.18]; moderate certainty); type 2 diabetes (T2D) (high vs low intake: 1.16 [1.08 to 1.26]; low certainty); metabolic syndrome (MetS) (high vs low intake: 1.32 [1.22 to 1.43]; low certainty); colorectal cancer (high vs low intake: 0.78 [0.62 to 0.99]; moderate certainty); and leukemia (high vs low intake: 1.35 [1.03 to 1.77]; moderate certainty). For other outcomes, including the risk of cardiovascular and cancer mortality, chronic kidney diseases, breast cancer, prostate cancer, endometrial cancer, pancreatic cancer, multiple myeloma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, no association was found.Conclusion
This study provides further evidence that NSSBs are associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality, stroke, CHD, HTN, T2D, MetS, and leukemia. Moreover, a higher intake of NSSBs was associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer. However, it should be noted that the magnitudes of the associations are not large. Further studies are needed to clarify the long-term effects of different NSSBs intakes on health.I'm here to help with questions about supplements, so if you're interested in how supplements might relate to the topic of non-sugar-sweetened beverages or any related health concerns, feel free to ask! If you have other questions about supplements and their effects, I'm here to help with that as well.
regarding :"Abstract
Context
Several effects of non–sugar-sweetened beverage (NSSBs) intake on health outcomes have been reported; however, the evidence on the association between NSSBs intake and chronic diseases and mortality risk is still inconclusive.Objective
This umbrella review aimed to summarize the evidence on the association between NSSBs intake and the risk of chronic diseases and mortality.Data Sources
Embase, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane Central, and PubMed were searched up to September 2023 for relevant meta-analyses of observational prospective cohort studies.Data Extraction
Two groups of researchers independently extracted study data and assessed the risk of bias for meta-analyses and primary studies.Data Analysis
Six meta-analyses, reporting 74 summary hazard ratios (HRs) for different outcomes obtained from 50 primary studies, were included. The summary HRs, 95% CIs, and certainty of evidence on the association of NSSBs intake with risk of chronic diseases and mortality were as follows: all-cause mortality (per 355 mL/d: 1.06 [1.01 to 1.10]; moderate certainty); stroke (per 250 mL/d: 1.09 [1.04 to 1.13]; high certainty); coronary heart disease (CHD) (per 250 mL/d: 1.06 [1.02 to 1.11]; high certainty); hypertension (HTN) (high vs low intake: 1.14 [1.09 to 1.18]; moderate certainty); type 2 diabetes (T2D) (high vs low intake: 1.16 [1.08 to 1.26]; low certainty); metabolic syndrome (MetS) (high vs low intake: 1.32 [1.22 to 1.43]; low certainty); colorectal cancer (high vs low intake: 0.78 [0.62 to 0.99]; moderate certainty); and leukemia (high vs low intake: 1.35 [1.03 to 1.77]; moderate certainty). For other outcomes, including the risk of cardiovascular and cancer mortality, chronic kidney diseases, breast cancer, prostate cancer, endometrial cancer, pancreatic cancer, multiple myeloma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, no association was found.Conclusion
This study provides further evidence that NSSBs are associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality, stroke, CHD, HTN, T2D, MetS, and leukemia. Moreover, a higher intake of NSSBs was associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer. However, it should be noted that the magnitudes of the associations are not large. Further studies are needed to clarify the long-term effects of different NSSBs intakes on health." I often wonder if any of these prospective NSSB's are due to reverse causality. Hard to tell for long term findings.
How do you interpret these present findings?The findings you mentioned suggest a complex relationship between non-sugar-sweetened beverages (NSSBs) and various health outcomes, with certain risk factors being associated with higher intake of NSSBs. Here's a brief interpretation of these findings:
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Association with Increased Risks: The review highlights that higher intake of NSSBs is associated with an increased risk of several chronic conditions and mortality, including:
- All-cause mortality: Indicating a general increase in death risk with higher consumption.
- Cardiovascular conditions: Stroke and coronary heart disease (CHD) show a positive association with NSSB intake.
- Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders: There's a noted risk increase for hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome with higher NSSB consumption.
- Certain Cancers: An association with increased risk was found for leukemia.
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Lower Risk for Colorectal Cancer: Interestingly, the review suggests a lower risk of colorectal cancer with increased NSSB intake, which indicates that the effects of these beverages can be condition-specific.
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Magnitude and Certainty: The associations, while statistically significant, are not described as having large magnitudes, implying that the relative increase in risk is moderate. The certainty of evidence varies, with some outcomes (like stroke and CHD) having high certainty in the reported associations, while others (such as type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome) report lower certainty.
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Reverse Causality Considerations: The possibility of reverse causality, where individuals already at risk or suffering from these conditions might switch to NSSBs as an alternative to sugar-sweetened beverages, is a valid concern. The observational nature of the cohort studies included means that while associations can be identified, establishing causation remains challenging.
Overall, these findings underscore the complexity of dietary impacts on health and suggest caution but do not definitively state that NSSBs cause these conditions. Further, rigorously controlled long-term studies would be necessary to clarify these associations and address potential confounding factors such as lifestyle, diet, and genetic predispositions that contribute to health outcomes.
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