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Comparing Folic Acid Interventions and Arsenic Reduction Strategies for Neural Tube Defect Prevention in Bangladesh: A Systematic Review and Decision Analysis.

  • 2025-06
  • Birth defects research 117(6)
    • Chih-Fu Wei
    • Ernani F Choma
    • Xingyan Wang
    • Carrie G Wade
    • Ya Luan Hsiao
    • Diane Bao
    • Sudipta K Mukherjee
    • David C Christiani
    • Marc G Weisskopf
    • Liming Liang
    • Maitreyi Mazumdar

Study Design

Type
Meta-Analysis
Population
pregnant women in Bangladesh (or general population, from NTD prevalence estimates)
Methods
systematic review and meta-analysis; searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Global Health, and Bangladesh Journals Online; extracted data using standardized forms; forest plots and random effects models

Background

Maternal intake of folic acid prevents most cases of neural tube defects (NTDs), and arsenic exposure may increase NTD risk. In Bangladesh, where arsenic exposures are high, understanding the potential impacts of arsenic reduction and folic acid-based interventions can guide decision-making.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of NTDs in Bangladesh. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Global Health, and Bangladesh Journals Online and extracted data using standardized forms. We used forest plots and random effects models to estimate the prevalence of all NTDs and spina bifida. Decision analysis used assumptions from the literature to compare expected NTD prevalence under strategies incorporating combinations of folic acid supplementation, fortification, and arsenic filters. Sensitivity analyses aimed to quantify the influence of adherence to supplements on estimates.

Results

Eleven studies were included. Prevalences of NTD and spina bifida were 27.4 and 11.2 per 10,000 births, respectively; however, when estimated from population red blood cell folate concentrations, NTD prevalence was higher in both high arsenic exposure (drinking water ≥ 50 μg/L) and lower arsenic exposure groups (34.3 and 25.3 per 10,000 births, respectively). Folic acid fortification reduced the prevalence of NTDs to 11.1 and 9.1 per 10,000 births among high exposure and low exposure groups, respectively. Arsenic filters provided little marginal benefit. Benefits of supplements equaled those of fortification when adherence to supplements exceeded 90%.

Conclusions

Bangladesh has high rates of NTDs and high arsenic exposures. Folic acid fortification is projected to be the most effective strategy for NTD prevention.

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