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Effect of Citrus Aurantium L. on pain and blood pressure in patients undergoing hand reconstructive surgery.

  • 2025-07-06
  • Pain management 15(8)
    • Farideh Askari
    • Farzaneh Ghaffari
    • Nasrin Alaee
    • Mohsen Naseri
    • Akram Tayanloo-Beik

Study Design

Type
Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)
Sample size
n = 76
Population
76 patients undergoing hand reconstructive surgery
Methods
Double-blind, randomized clinical trial; intervention group received Citrus Aurantium essential oil, control group received placebo; blood pressure and pain levels recorded before intervention, and at 30 minutes and one-hour post-surgery
Blinding
Double-blind

Background and purpose

Postoperative pain and blood pressure are common patient complaints. This study examined the effects of Citrus Aurantium (CA) on pain and blood pressure in patients undergoing hand reconstructive surgery.

Methods

A double-blind, randomized clinical trial was conducted with 76 patients. The control group received a placebo, while the intervention group received CA essential oil. Blood pressure and pain levels were recorded before the intervention, and at 30 minutes and one-hour post-surgery. Data collection used blood pressure sheets, numerical visual pain scales, and demographic questionnaires.

Result

The intervention group showed significantly greater pain reduction than the control group (p = 0.001), with CA increasing the likelihood of pain reduction by 1.73 times (Exp(B) = 1.73). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure significantly decreased post-intervention (p = 0.001, p = 0.005), but differences were not significant after 30 minutes and one hour after (p > 0.05). CA increased the likelihood of systolic blood pressure reduction by 16.87 times (Exp(B) = 16.78), with no effect on diastolic pressure.

Conclusion

CA facilitates pain and blood pressure reduction in aromatherapy, suggesting its use as a simple, inexpensive, and noninvasive method for postoperative pain management.

Research Insights

  • Bitter Orange→Reduced Diastolic Blood Pressure

    Systolic and diastolic blood pressure significantly decreased post-intervention (p = 0.001, p = 0.005), but differences were not significant after 30 minutes and one hour after (p > 0.05).

    Effect
    Beneficial
    Effect size
    Small
    Dose
    essential oil (not specified further)
  • Bitter Orange→Reduced Pain

    The intervention group showed significantly greater pain reduction than the control group (p = 0.001), with CA increasing the likelihood of pain reduction by 1.73 times (Exp(B) = 1.73).

    Effect
    Beneficial
    Effect size
    Moderate
    Dose
    essential oil (not specified further)
  • Bitter Orange→Reduced Systolic Blood Pressure

    CA increased the likelihood of systolic blood pressure reduction by 16.87 times (Exp(B) = 16.78), with no effect on diastolic pressure.

    Effect
    Beneficial
    Effect size
    Large
    Dose
    essential oil (not specified further)
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