Thirty Years of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG: A Review.

2019-03
Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 53(Supplement 1)
- L. Capurso

PubMed: 30741841
DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000001170

Study Design

Type: Systematic Review
Methods: Comprehensive Review

Highly Cited

Abstract

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) was the first strain belonging to the genus Lactobacillus to be patented in 1989 thanks to its ability to survive and to proliferate at gastric acid pH and in medium containing bile, and to adhere to enterocytes. Furthermore LGG is able to produces both a biofilm that can mechanically protect the mucosa, and different soluble factors beneficial to the gut by enhancing intestinal crypt survival, diminishing apoptosis of the intestinal epithelium, and preserving cytoskeletal integrity. Moreover LGG thanks to its lectin-like protein 1 and 2 inhibits some pathogens such as Salmonella species. Finally LGG is able to promote type 1 immune-responsiveness by reducing the expression of several activation and inflammation markers on monocytes and by increasing the production of interleukin-10, interleukin-12 and tumor necrosis factor-α in macrophages. A large number of research data on Lactobacillus GG is the basis for the use of this probiotic for human health. In this review we have considered predominantly randomized controlled trials, meta-analysis, Cochrane Review, guide lines of Scientific Societies and anyway studies whose results were evaluated by means of relative risk, odds ratio, weighted mean difference 95% confidence interval. The effectiveness of LGG in gastrointestinal infections and diarrhea, antibiotic and Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, respiratory tract infections, allergy, cardiovascular diseases, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, cystic fibrosis, cancer, elderly end sport were analyzed.

Research Insights

Lactobacillus rhamnosus DSM33560→Enhanced Mucosal Protection
LGG is able to produces both a biofilm that can mechanically protect the mucosa, and different soluble factors beneficial to the gut by enhancing intestinal crypt survival, diminishing apoptosis of the intestinal epithelium, and preserving cytoskeletal integrity.
Effect
Beneficial
Effect size
Moderate
Lactobacillus rhamnosus DSM33560→Enhanced Type 1 Immune Response
Finally LGG is able to promote type 1 immune-responsiveness by reducing the expression of several activation and inflammation markers on monocytes and by increasing the production of interleukin-10, interleukin-12 and tumor necrosis factor-α in macrophages.
Effect
Beneficial
Effect size
Large
Lactobacillus rhamnosus DSM33560→Increased Adhesion to Enterocytes
LGG was the first strain belonging to the genus Lactobacillus to be patented in 1989 thanks to its ability to adhere to enterocytes.
Effect
Beneficial
Effect size
Large
Lactobacillus rhamnosus DSM33560→Reduced Intestinal Epithelial Apoptosis
LGG is able to produce [...] different soluble factors beneficial to the gut by [...] diminishing apoptosis of the intestinal epithelium.
Effect
Beneficial
Effect size
Large
Lactobacillus rhamnosus DSM33560→Reduced Pathogen Infection
Moreover LGG thanks to its lectin-like protein 1 and 2 inhibits some pathogens such as Salmonella species.
Effect
Beneficial
Effect size
Moderate
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG→Reduced Diarrhea
The effectiveness of LGG in gastrointestinal infections and diarrhea, antibiotic and Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea... were analyzed.
Effect
Beneficial
Effect size
Moderate
Lactobacillus rhamnosus MAK79L08R→Improved Immune Response
Finally LGG is able to promote type 1 immune-responsiveness by reducing the expression of several activation and inflammation markers on monocytes and by increasing the production of interleukin-10, interleukin-12 and tumor necrosis factor-α in macrophages.
Effect
Beneficial
Effect size
Large
Lactobacillus rhamnosus MAK79L08R→Improved Intestinal Barrier Function
LGG is able to produces both a biofilm that can mechanically protect the mucosa, and different soluble factors beneficial to the gut by enhancing intestinal crypt survival, diminishing apoptosis of the intestinal epithelium, and preserving cytoskeletal integrity.
Effect
Beneficial
Effect size
Large
Lactobacillus rhamnosus MAK79L08R→Reduced Pathogen Colonization
LGG thanks to its lectin-like protein 1 and 2 inhibits some pathogens such as Salmonella species.
Effect
Beneficial
Effect size
Moderate
Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0343ND→Enhanced Intestinal Mucosal Cell Protection
LGG is able to produce both a biofilm that can mechanically protect the mucosa.
Effect
Beneficial
Effect size
Large
Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0343ND→Enhanced Type 1 Immune Response
Finally LGG is able to promote type 1 immune-responsiveness by reducing the expression of several activation and inflammation markers on monocytes and by increasing the production of interleukin-10, interleukin-12 and tumor necrosis factor-α in macrophages.
Effect
Beneficial
Effect size
Large
Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0343ND→Improved Intestinal Crypt Survival
LGG is able to produce [...] different soluble factors beneficial to the gut by enhancing intestinal crypt survival.
Effect
Beneficial
Effect size
Large
Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0343ND→Maintained Cytoskeletal Integrity
LGG is able to produce [...] different soluble factors beneficial to the gut by [...] preserving cytoskeletal integrity.
Effect
Beneficial
Effect size
Large
Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0343ND→Reduced Intestinal Epithelial Apoptosis
LGG is able to produce [...] different soluble factors beneficial to the gut by [...] diminishing apoptosis of the intestinal epithelium.
Effect
Beneficial
Effect size
Large
Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0343ND→Reduced Pathogen Activity
Moreover LGG thanks to its lectin-like protein 1 and 2 inhibits some pathogens such as Salmonella species.
Effect
Beneficial
Effect size
Large
Lactobacillus rhamnosus VPro 11→Improved Symptoms of Chronic Condition
The effectiveness of LGG in ... cystic fibrosis, cancer.
Effect
Beneficial
Effect size
Moderate
Lactobacillus rhamnosus VPro 11→Reduced Allergic Symptoms
The effectiveness of LGG in ... allergy.
Effect
Beneficial
Effect size
Moderate
Lactobacillus rhamnosus VPro 11→Reduced Liver Disease Symptoms
The effectiveness of LGG in ... nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
Effect
Beneficial
Effect size
Moderate
Lactobacillus rhamnosus VPro 11→Reduced Pathogen Growth
Moreover LGG thanks to its lectin-like protein 1 and 2 inhibits some pathogens such as Salmonella species.
Effect
Beneficial
Effect size
Moderate