Research synthesisModerate evidenceLarge effect3 studies · 3 beneficial · 0 neutral · 0 harmful
Across 3 studies, all three reported beneficial effects on diastolic blood pressure, with effect sizes ranging from moderate to large. The highest-quality evidence, a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, found a moderate reduction (SMD -0.41, 95% CI -0.75 to -0.07). Two systematic reviews reported larger reductions (mean difference -6.82 to -7.32 mmHg). Study durations were not consistently reported, and no specific dose or form was identified.
- Studied populations: adults with metabolic diseases (e.g., type 2 diabetes, hypertension) or cardiometabolic risk factors
Caveats: Available evidence is overwhelmingly positive — clinical literature in this area is subject to publication bias (null-result studies are less likely to be published or indexed). Evidence base is small (only 3 studies) — conclusions should be considered preliminary. Additionally, the highest-quality study (meta-analysis) reported a moderate effect, while two reviews reported larger effects, suggesting possible overestimation in lower-quality evidence.
Generated Jul 13, 2026