Across 3 studies, all reported beneficial effects on gut microbiota composition, with predominantly small effect sizes (two small, one moderate). Only one study reported statistical significance. The evidence is derived from animal, in vitro, and review studies; no human clinical trials are available.
Caveats: Evidence base is small (only 3 studies) — conclusions should be considered preliminary. Available evidence is overwhelmingly positive — clinical literature in this area is subject to publication bias (null-result studies are less likely to be published or indexed). The studies include animal, in vitro, and review designs; human clinical trials are lacking.
probiotics offer a simpler alternative to reinforce epithelial barrier function, restore cellular homeostasis, mitigate allergy symptoms
This was achieved through a significant rise in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria ... a rise in fecal SCFAs, and a reduction in harmful bacteria such as Escherichia.
both synbiotic treatments reduced Klebsiella spp., a potentially pathogenic genus
BB-12 treatment significantly increased the relative abundance of Ligilactobacillus and decreased that of Bilophila in the gut microbiota of mice with AP.
BB-12 conferred protection on the gut microbiota composition of the rats by increasing the abundance of Prevotella and decreasing the abundance of Clostridium, Blautia, and Bacteroides in 0-3 weeks... after a long-term intervention, BB-12 ameliorates obesity by enriching beneficial bacteria in the gut.