Across 4 studies, all reported beneficial effects on inflammation, with effect sizes ranging from small to moderate. One meta-analysis of 25 RCTs showed a small but statistically significant reduction in C-reactive protein (-0.99 mg/L). However, the remaining studies were conducted in vitro or in animal models and did not report statistical significance. No specific dose or form data were available.
Caveats: Evidence base is small (only 4 studies) — conclusions should be considered preliminary. Many of the included studies did not reach statistical significance — effect may be smaller than the predominant direction suggests. Available evidence is overwhelmingly positive — clinical literature in this area is subject to publication bias. Notably, only one study is a human meta-analysis; the other three are preclinical (in vitro or animal) and may not translate to humans.
and C-reactive protein (CRP) (-0.99 mg/L)
XOS generated from MBP-BsXynA11 demonstrated both prebiotic and anti-inflammatory activities in human monocytes.
B. subtilis can also reduce the levels of inflammatory factors (CRP, IL-1β, and IFN-γ) and attenuate the inflammatory response in sows and neonatal piglets.
Supplementation with 12.5 mg/kg EGC (LE) significantly improved growth performance, reduced diarrhea incidence (P < 0.05), enhanced mucosal antioxidant capacity (P < 0.001), and strengthened anti-inflammatory ability (P < 0.001).