Probiotics in atherosclerosis: mechanisms, efficacy and future directions - a review study.
- 2026-03-25
- Review
- Frontiers in immunology 17
- Yue Cai
- PubMed: 41958663
- DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1722134
- Low evidence
Probiotics exert anti-atherosclerotic effects by restoring gut microbiota composition, reducing TMAO, increasing short-chain fatty acids, improving lipid profiles, alleviating inflammation, and protecting endothelial function.
- Effect
- Beneficial
- Effect size
- Moderate