Across 3 studies, 2 reported beneficial small-sized effects of propolis on probing depth, while the highest-scoring meta-analysis found a neutral effect. Study durations and doses were not consistently reported.
Studied populations: Patients with periodontitis; one analysis focused specifically on T2D patients with periodontitis.
Caveats: Evidence base is small (only 3 studies) — conclusions should be considered preliminary. Results are mixed: the largest and highest-scoring study (a 2025 meta-analysis in T2D patients) found no significant benefit, while two other reviews reported small beneficial effects. Doses and study durations were not consistently reported across the included analyses.
Generated Jul 18, 2026
Safety in these studies
Overall tolerabilityReported
Thus propolis may be considered a promising adjunctive agent to NSPT, with the potential to improve clinical outcomes of NSPT. Nonetheless, further long-term clinical trials with larger sample size are needed to validate its clinical efficacy and to determine its adverse effects.