Across 3 studies, all 3 reported beneficial effects on antioxidant activity, with a predominant moderate effect size. Evidence comes exclusively from non-human models (broiler chickens and in vitro fermentation); no human studies are available.
Caveats: Evidence base is small (only 3 studies) — conclusions should be considered preliminary. Available evidence is overwhelmingly positive — clinical literature in this area is subject to publication bias (null-result studies are less likely to be published or indexed). Only one study reported a statistically significant finding, so the true effect may be smaller than the predominant direction suggests. Additionally, all studies are non-human (animal and in vitro) — no direct evidence in humans.
increased reduced glutathione activity (P < 0.01) in chicken erythrocytes
The review increases our understanding of the health improvements of mineral-enriched postbiotics, including antioxidant functions...
L. rhamnosus AC1-fermented soymilk also showed the highest antioxidant potential, including DPPH scavenging ability and iron chelating ability.