Health Effects of Various Edible Vegetable Oil: An Umbrella Review.

2024-07-23
Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) 15(9)
- Phooi Tee Voon
- Choon Ming Ng
- Yen Teng Ng
- Yen Jun Wong
- Sia Yen Yap
- Siew Lian Leong
- Xiou Shuang Yong
- Shaun Wen Huey Lee

PubMed: 39053603
DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100276

Study Design

Type: Systematic Review
Sample size: n = 48
Population: adults
Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed up to 31 July, 2023 on 12 databases for studies examining the association of different vegetable oils with health outcomes in adults. Data was extracted independently by 2 authors, with evidence strength assessed using the grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation criteria.

Vegetable oils, derived from diverse sources such as seeds, nuts, and some fruits, play a significant role in dietary health. However, the current evidence on the health effects of different types of vegetable oil consumption remains controversial. This umbrella review aims to synthesize evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses to assess the health outcomes associated with various vegetable oils. A comprehensive literature search was performed up to 31 July, 2023 on 12 databases for studies examining the association of different vegetable oils with health outcomes in adults. Data was extracted independently by 2 authors, with evidence strength assessed using the grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation criteria. A total of 48 studies, including 206 meta-analyses, were included. Moderate to very low certainty evidence showed that monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids such as canola oil, virgin olive oil, and rice bran oil are beneficial in reducing serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations. Conversely, low to very low certainty evidence suggests that oils high in saturated fats, such as coconut oil and palm oil, increase total cholesterol and LDL concentrations but also raise high-density lipoprotein concentrations. Very low certainty evidence showed the consumption of olive oil, sesame oil, and coconut oil could improve blood sugar control. Low certainty evidence showed olive oil consumption reduced risk of breast, digestive, and other cancers. Moderate to very low certainty evidence suggested that canola oil and sesame oil consumption reduced body weight. The consumption of vegetable oil appears to offer different health benefits, with summary estimates indicating beneficial effects on reducing lipid concentrations, especially with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated rich oils when consumed in recommended amounts. Future research should focus on long-term studies and comprehensive dietary assessments to better understand the health impacts of vegetable oils, providing a basis for informed dietary recommendations. This study was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42021239210.

Research Insights

Coconut→Improved Blood Glucose Control
Very low certainty evidence showed the consumption of olive oil, sesame oil, and coconut oil could improve blood sugar control.
Effect
Beneficial
Effect size
Small
Coconut→Increased High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
low to very low certainty evidence suggests that oils high in saturated fats, such as coconut oil and palm oil, increase total cholesterol and LDL concentrations but also raise high-density lipoprotein concentrations.
Effect
Beneficial
Effect size
Small
Coconut→Increased LDL Cholesterol Level
low to very low certainty evidence suggests that oils high in saturated fats, such as coconut oil and palm oil, increase total cholesterol and LDL concentrations but also raise high-density lipoprotein concentrations.
Effect
Harmful
Effect size
Small
Coconut→Increased Total Cholesterol Level
low to very low certainty evidence suggests that oils high in saturated fats, such as coconut oil and palm oil, increase total cholesterol and LDL concentrations but also raise high-density lipoprotein concentrations.
Effect
Harmful
Effect size
Small
Olive Oil→Improved Blood Glucose Control
Very low certainty evidence showed the consumption of olive oil, sesame oil, and coconut oil could improve blood sugar control.
Effect
Beneficial
Effect size
Small
Olive Oil→Reduced Blood Cholesterol
moderate to very low certainty evidence showed that monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids such as canola oil, virgin olive oil, and rice bran oil are beneficial in reducing serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations.
Effect
Beneficial
Effect size
Small
Olive Oil→Reduced Cancer Risk
Low certainty evidence showed olive oil consumption reduced risk of breast, digestive, and other cancers.
Effect
Beneficial
Effect size
Small
Olive Oil→Reduced LDL Cholesterol
moderate to very low certainty evidence showed that monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids such as canola oil, virgin olive oil, and rice bran oil are beneficial in reducing serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations.
Effect
Beneficial
Effect size
Small
Sesame→Improved Blood Glucose Control
Very low certainty evidence showed the consumption of olive oil, sesame oil, and coconut oil could improve blood sugar control.
Effect
Beneficial
Effect size
Small
Sesame→Reduced Body Weight
Moderate to very low certainty evidence suggested that canola oil and sesame oil consumption reduced body weight.
Effect
Beneficial
Effect size
Small
rice bran→Reduced Blood Cholesterol
moderate to very low certainty evidence showed that monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids such as canola oil, virgin olive oil, and rice bran oil are beneficial in reducing serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations.
Effect
Beneficial
Effect size
Small
rice bran→Reduced LDL Cholesterol
moderate to very low certainty evidence showed that monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids such as canola oil, virgin olive oil, and rice bran oil are beneficial in reducing serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations.
Effect
Beneficial
Effect size
Small