Across 4 studies, 3 reported beneficial effects on gingival index, though the largest meta-analysis (n=315 T2D patients) found no significant effect. Effect sizes were mixed (small to large), with the only RCT showing a large effect using 0.2% propolis mouthwash over 21 days. The evidence base is small and preliminary.
Caveats: Evidence base is small (only 4 studies) — conclusions should be considered preliminary. The highest-quality study (meta-analysis in T2D patients) found no significant effect, contrasting with smaller studies. Dosing and formulation varied; only one study specified a 0.2% propolis mouthwash. Most studies were of short duration (median 21 days).
low for PD/GI
Bonferroni post-hoc test showed statistically significant difference between Propolis and Chlorhexidine mouthwash (P < 0.001), with higher reduction in the mean plaque and gingival scores in propolis group compared to chlorhexidine and placebo groups.
The meta-analysis showed favorable results with the use of propolis on...gingival index (95%CI: 0.14; p = 0.03)
NBF gel may provide clinical benefits as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal therapy, with reported improvements in plaque and gingival indices