Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a long-term degenerative condition characterized by a gradual loss of kidney function or abnormal kidney structure, initially presenting few symptoms but eventually leading to complications such as high blood pressure, bone disease, anemia, and increased cardiovascular risks. Management involves medication and dietary modifications to address nutrient imbalances caused by impaired kidney function.
Health Outcomes
- Absence of Acute Toxicity
- Achieved Clinically Significant Systolic Blood Pressure Reduction
- Altered Amino Acid Metabolism
- Altered Biochemical Parameter
- Altered Blood Parameters
- Altered Renal Profile
- Altered Spermidine Levels
- Association with Sarcopenia
- Changed Bicarbonate Level
- Changed Clinical Chemistry Measure
- Changed Clinical Chemistry Parameter
- Changed Hematology Parameter
- Changed Leukocyte Telomere Length
- Changed Magnesium Level
- Changed Parathyroid Hormone Level
- Changed Phosphate Level
- Changed QT Interval Length
- Changed Serum Calcium Level
- Changed Urinary Calcium Creatinine Ratio
- Changes in Inflammatory Markers
- Decreased 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D to 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D Ratio
- Decreased Immune Response to Influenza Vaccination
- Decreased Ratio of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D to 25-hydroxyvitamin D
- Delayed Disease Progression
- Delayed Onset of Urinary Tract Infections
- Developed Anemia
- Elevated Complement C3 Levels
- Elevated Malondialdehyde Levels
- Elevated Plasma-Branched Chain Amino Acids
- Elevated Redox Status
- Enhanced AMPK Activation
- Enhanced Antioxidant Activity
- Enhanced Antioxidant Levels
- Enhanced Antioxidative Capacity
- Enhanced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response
- Enhanced Kidney Antioxidant Capacity
- Extended Lifespan
- Improved Acid Buffering Capacity
- Improved Albuminuria
- Improved Amino Acid Bioavailability
- Improved Ang-(1-7)/Ang II Ratio
- Improved Angiogenic Biomarker
- Improved Antihypertensive Activity
- Improved Antioxidant Enzyme Levels
- Improved Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass Index
- Improved Arginine Metabolism
- Improved Arginine to Asymmetric Dimethylarginine Ratio
- Improved Blood Biochemical Markers
- Improved Blood Biochemical Parameter
- Improved Blood Chemistry
- Improved Blood Index
- Improved Blood Pressure
- Improved Body Growth
- Improved Bone Density Marker
- Improved Bone Metabolism
- Improved Bone Turnover Marker
- Improved Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism
- Improved Catalase Activity
- Improved Cell-Cell Signalling
- Improved Chronic Kidney Disease Outcomes
- Improved Clearance Efficiency
- Improved Clinical Outcomes
- Improved Creatinine Clearance Rate
- Improved DASH Score
- Improved Diabetic Nephropathy
- Improved Dialysis Adequacy
- Improved Disease Management
- Improved Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation
- Improved Endurance Power
- Improved Energy Availability
- Improved Erythroid Response
- Improved Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate
- Improved Estimated VO2max
- Improved Exercise Function
- Improved Fatigue Symptoms
- Improved Fatigue Tolerance
- Improved Fibrosis
- Improved Follistatin Level
- Improved Free Radical Scavenging Activity
- Improved Functional Properties of Food
- Improved GDF-15 Level
- Improved Global Quality of Life
- Improved Glutathione Peroxidase Activity
- Improved Glutathione Peroxidase Level
- Improved Glutathione Redox Ratio
- Improved Health Outcomes
- Improved Height Standard Deviation Score
- Improved Height Z-score
- Improved Hip Fracture Healing
- Improved Inflammatory Marker Profile
- Improved Iron Deficiency Anemia Treatment Efficacy
- Improved Iron Levels
- Improved Kidney Function
- Improved Lean Body Mass
- Improved Lifespan
- Improved Longevity
- Improved Lumbar Bone Mineral Density
- Improved Mean Arterial Pressure
- Improved Nephropathy
- Improved Nitrogen Balance
- Improved Nutritional Status
- Improved Osteoporosis Treatment
- Improved Overall Health
- Improved Overall Health Status
- Improved Oxidative Metabolism Regulation
- Improved Oxidative Stress Marker
- Improved Parent/Caregiver Health-Related Quality of Life
- Improved Phase Angle
- Improved Physical Domain Score
- Improved Physiological Response
- Improved Prealbumin Level
- Improved Prognosis
- Improved Protein Utilization
- Improved Pruritus
- Improved Pulse Wave Velocity
- Improved Quality of Life Score
- Improved Recumbent Length Gain
- Improved Redox Homeostasis
- Improved Redox Potential
- Improved Renal Function
- Improved Serum Averages
- Improved Serum Biomarkers
- Improved Serum Protein Status
- Improved Serum Urea Level
- Improved Serum Uric Acid Levels
- Improved Small Vessel Density
- Improved Soluble Transferrin Receptor Levels
- Improved Superoxide Dismutase Activity
- Improved Superoxide Dismutase Level
- Improved Survival
- Improved Survival Rate Under Nitrite Stress
- Improved Symptoms of Chronic Condition
- Improved Time to Exhaustion
- Improved Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Level
- Improved Total Volumetric Bone Mineral Density
- Improved Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome Effective Rate
- Improved Vaccine Efficacy
- Improved Vaccine Response in Immunocompromised Hosts
- Improved Vascular Function
- Improved eGFR
- Increase in Persistent Diseased Sites
- Increased 1,2-Propanediol Concentration
- Increased 24,25(OH)2D Level
- Increased 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D Level
- Increased 24R,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Level
- Increased 3-epi-25-(OH)D3 Level
- Increased 4β,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Level
- Increased ACE Inhibitor Activity
- Increased Amino Acid Concentration
- Increased Anion Gap
- Increased Antihypertensive Peptide Production
- Increased Arginine Level
- Increased Arginine/ADMA Ratio
- Increased Betaine Level
- Increased Blood Bicarbonate Level
- Increased Blood Homocysteine Level
- Increased Blood Lactate Level
- Increased Blood Pressure
- Increased Blood Urea Level
- Increased Bone Alkaline Phosphatase Level
- Increased C-Reactive Protein Levels
- Increased Calcium Level
- Increased Catalase Activity
- Increased Catalase Level
- Increased Caveolin-1 Level
- Increased Choline Level
- Increased Clinically Meaningful Collagen Synthesis
- Increased Complement C3 Level
- Increased Creatinine Level
- Increased Cysteine Level
- Increased Diuresis
- Increased EGF Level
- Increased Endogenous Acrolein Formation
- Increased F2-Isoprostane Level
- Increased FGF23 Level
- Increased Ferritin Level
- Increased GSH/GSSG Ratio
- Increased General Morbidity
- Increased Glutathione Disulfide Ratio
- Increased Homocysteine Level
- Increased Hospital Admissions
- Increased Hyperkalemia
- Increased IGFBP-3 Level
- Increased Infection Frequency
- Increased Invasive Interventions Requirement
- Increased LA/ADMA Ratio
- Increased Late-Onset Sepsis Incidence
- Increased Length
- Increased Mortality
- Increased Mortality Rate
- Increased Mortality in Patients with Enterococcal Bacteremia
- Increased Myo-Inositol Level
- Increased NRF2 Levels
- Increased Nitrate Level
- Increased Nitric Oxide Metabolite Level
- Increased Occurrence of Serious Adverse Events
- Increased Osteocalcin Level
- Increased Osteopontin Level
- Increased Osteoprotegerin Immunostaining
- Increased Oxidative Stress
- Increased Oxidative Stress Tolerance
- Increased Phosphate Level
- Increased Plasma Citrulline Level
- Increased Plasma Glucagon Level
- Increased Plasma Haptoglobin Levels
- Increased Plasma Level
- Increased Plasma Nitric Oxide Levels
- Increased Plasma Phosphorus
- Increased Plasma Protein Levels
- Increased Plasma Total Cysteine Concentration
- Increased Plasma Total Protein
- Increased Potassium Level
- Increased Preeclampsia Risk
- Increased Production of ACE-Inhibitory Peptides
- Increased Production of Bioactive Peptides
- Increased Production of Bioactive Peptides with Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Activity
- Increased Prolactin Level
- Increased Proteolysis
- Increased Rate of Endovascular Infection
- Increased Rate of Recurrent Bacteremia
- Increased Reactive Oxygen Species Production
- Increased Reactive Oxygen Species Response
- Increased Recumbent Length
- Increased Retinol Level
- Increased Risk of E. faecium Infection
- Increased Risk of Opportunistic Pathogenicity
- Increased Selenium Concentration
- Increased Selenium Concentration in Tissue
- Increased Sepsis
- Increased Serine Level
- Increased Serum Alternative Complement Activity
- Increased Serum Amyloid Protein
- Increased Serum Antioxidant Enzyme Levels
- Increased Serum Ferritin Level
- Increased Serum Gastrin-17 Level
- Increased Serum NAD+ Levels
- Increased Serum Nitric Oxide Level
- Increased Serum Protein Levels
- Increased Serum Retinol Level
- Increased Serum Total Protein Levels
- Increased Soluble Receptor of Advanced Glycation End Products
- Increased Sulfate Metabolite Level
- Increased Survival Rate During Candidiasis
- Increased Survival in High Osmotic Pressure
- Increased Susceptibility to Salmonella Infection
- Increased Systolic Blood Pressure
- Increased TGFB1 Level
- Increased Tibia Phosphorus Concentration
- Increased Total Body Water
- Increased Total Folate Level
- Increased Total Glutathione Level
- Increased Total L-Carnitine Level
- Increased Total Thiol Level
- Increased Type 1 Collagen Synthesis
- Increased Uric Acid
- Increased Uric Acid Excretion
- Increased Urine Volume
- Increased Vitamin A Concentration
- Increased Vitamin B-12 Level
- Increased Vitamin B12 Concentration
- Increased Vitamin B12 Level
- Increased Vitamin B6 Level
- Increased Vitamin D3 Ratio
- Increased miRNA-21 Expression
- Inhibited Absorption of Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs)
- Inhibited Activation of Apoptotic Biomarkers
- Inhibited Decline in Bone Mineral Density
- Maintained Blood Calcium Level
- Maintained Blood Phosphate Level
- Maintained pH Levels
- Mitigated Age-Related Hearing Loss
- Modified Serum Metabolomic Pathways
- Modulated Arterial Diameter
- Modulated Metabolite Profile
- No Adverse Safety Findings
- No Improvement in Growth Performance
- No Significant Change in Lean Body Mass
- No Significant Effect on C-Reactive Protein Levels
- Normalized Folate Level
- Prevented Chronic Kidney Disease
- Prevented Hypertension
- Prevented Increase in Serum CML Levels
- Prevented Sepsis
- Prevented Vascular Calcification
- Prevention of Haematological Parameter Decline
- Prevention of Kidney Stones
- Probiotic-Related Infection
- Prolonged Median Survival Time
- Prolonged QT Interval
- Reduced 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D to 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Ratio
- Reduced 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D to 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Ratio
- Reduced 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 to 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Ratio
- Reduced 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Level
- Reduced 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine Level
- Reduced ACE Activity
- Reduced Acute Kidney Injury
- Reduced Acute Kidney Injury Rate
- Reduced Adipose Tissue Wasting
- Reduced Advanced Glycation End Product Level
- Reduced Adverse Physiometabolic Effects
- Reduced Albumin Level
- Reduced Allograft Rejection
- Reduced Anemia
- Reduced Anemia Prevalence
- Reduced Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Activity
- Reduced Anthropometric Parameters
- Reduced Antibody Production
- Reduced Aortic Stiffness
- Reduced Apelin Gene Expression
- Reduced Apoptosis Signal-Regulating Kinase 1 Level
- Reduced Appetite Changes
- Reduced Arginine Level
- Reduced Arterial Calcification Progression
- Reduced Arterial Stiffness
- Reduced Asymmetric Dimethylarginine Level
- Reduced Average Daily Gain
- Reduced BCG Phagocytic Intake
- Reduced Betaine Level
- Reduced Bicarbonate Level
- Reduced Biomarker Level
- Reduced Blood Loss
- Reduced Blood pH
- Reduced Bone Mass
- Reduced Bone Mineral Density
- Reduced Bone Turnover
- Reduced CCL20 Level
- Reduced CTX Level
- Reduced Calcium Level
- Reduced Calcium Supplementation Need
- Reduced Calciuria Level
- Reduced Carbonyl Group Level
- Reduced Carboxymethyl Lysine
- Reduced Cardiovascular Mortality
- Reduced Catalase Activity
- Reduced Cellular Senescence
- Reduced Central Blood Pressure
- Reduced Chloride Level
- Reduced Chronic Consumption Toxicity
- Reduced Classical Monocyte Frequency
- Reduced Coenzyme Q10 Level
- Reduced Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury
- Reduced Contrast-Induced Nephropathy
- Reduced Copper Level
- Reduced Cortical Porosity
- Reduced Creatine Phosphokinase Level
- Reduced Creatinine Clearance
- Reduced Cumulative Morbidity Rates
- Reduced Cumulative Mortality
- Reduced Cysteine Level
- Reduced Dephosphorylated-Uncarboxylated Matrix Gla Protein Level
- Reduced Desphosphorylated-Uncarboxylated Matrix Gla Protein Level
- Reduced Dietary Advanced Glycation End Product Intake
- Reduced Disease Progression
- Reduced Drug Concentration
- Reduced Electrolyte Level
- Reduced Enamel Hypomineralization
- Reduced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Marker Level
- Reduced Energy Intake
- Reduced Erythrocyte Count
- Reduced Erythrocyte Zinc Level
- Reduced Erythropoietin Resistance Index
- Reduced Erythropoietin-resistant Anemia
- Reduced Exercise-Induced Biochemical Markers
- Reduced Fat-Free Mass
- Reduced Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power
- Reduced Ferritin Level
- Reduced Ferroptosis
- Reduced Fibrotic Changes
- Reduced Forearm Blood Flow Response to Acetylcholine
- Reduced Free Triiodothyronine
- Reduced Fumonisin B1 Levels
- Reduced Functional Iron Deficiency
- Reduced Gastrointestinal Microbial Fermentation-Related Intoxication
- Reduced Glomerular Filtration Rate Decline
- Reduced Glutathione Disulfide Level
- Reduced Glutathione Loss
- Reduced Glutathione Peroxidase Level
- Reduced Glutathione Redox Ratio
- Reduced Glycation End Product Accumulation
- Reduced Glycative Stress Marker Level
- Reduced Graft Rejection
- Reduced Growth Performance
- Reduced HIF-1α Level
- Reduced HIF-1α Protein Level
- Reduced Heart Failure Risk
- Reduced Heat Stress
- Reduced Hematocrit
- Reduced Hematocrit Level
- Reduced Hospital Readmission Risk
- Reduced Hospitalization Frequency
- Reduced Hospitalization Requirement
- Reduced Hydrogen Sulfide Level
- Reduced Hypertension
- Reduced Hypocalcemia
- Reduced Hypocalcemia Risk
- Reduced IGF-1 Level
- Reduced IL-6 Secretion
- Reduced Immunoglobulin M Level
- Reduced Indoxyl Sulfate Levels
- Reduced Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Level
- Reduced Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein 3 Level
- Reduced Interferon-gamma Level
- Reduced Intrauterine Growth Restriction
- Reduced Irisin Level
- Reduced Iron Level
- Reduced Iron-Corrected T1
- Reduced Itch Severity
- Reduced Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1 Level
- Reduced Kidney Cell Apoptosis
- Reduced Kidney Damage
- Reduced Kidney Fibrosis
- Reduced Kidney Function
- Reduced Kidney Histological Damage
- Reduced Kidney Injury
- Reduced Kidney Oxidative Stress
- Reduced Kidney Pathological Changes
- Reduced LF/HF Ratio
- Reduced Lead Bioaccumulation
- Reduced Lean Mass
- Reduced Leg Fat Percentage
- Reduced Levels of Gut-Derived Uremic Toxins
- Reduced Lymphocytic Genome Damage
- Reduced MCP-1/CCL2 Levels
- Reduced Malondialdehyde Level
- Reduced Matrix Gla Protein Level
- Reduced Methylphenidate Dosing Requirement
- Reduced Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Level
- Reduced Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 Level
- Reduced Morbidity Rate
- Reduced Mortality from Influenza Infection
- Reduced Muscle Cramp Duration
- Reduced Muscle Protein Breakdown
- Reduced NSAID Consumption
- Reduced NSAID Use
- Reduced Necrotic Cell Infiltration
- Reduced Need for Additional Phosphate Supplementation
- Reduced Need for Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
- Reduced Need for Dialysis
- Reduced Nocturia
- Reduced Nocturnal Frequency
- Reduced Non-Infectious Complication Morbidity
- Reduced Nonclassical Monocyte Frequency
- Reduced One-Year All-Cause Mortality
- Reduced Organ Damage
- Reduced Organ Dysfunction
- Reduced Organ Failure Severity
- Reduced Overall Complication
- Reduced Oxalate Nephropathy
- Reduced Oxidative Stress Biomarker Level
- Reduced Oxidative Stress Index
- Reduced Oxidative Stress Marker Level
- Reduced Oxidative Stress Markers
- Reduced Oxidative Tissue Injury
- Reduced Oxidized Glutathione Level
- Reduced Packed Cell Transfusion
- Reduced Phosphorus Level
- Reduced Physical Growth
- Reduced Physiological Impairments
- Reduced Platelet Calcium Content
- Reduced Platelet Function Marker Level
- Reduced Potassium Level
- Reduced Pre-Dialysis Serum Triglyceride Levels
- Reduced Pre-Eclampsia Development
- Reduced Pre-eclampsia
- Reduced Pre-eclampsia Incidence
- Reduced Precursor Amino Acid Availability
- Reduced Preeclampsia Development
- Reduced Pressure Injury Occurrence
- Reduced Pro-oxidant-antioxidant Balance
- Reduced Progression to Hypertension
- Reduced Prospective Consumption
- Reduced Protein Carbonyl Level
- Reduced Proteinuria
- Reduced Proteinuria Level
- Reduced Proteinuria Levels
- Reduced Quadriceps Muscle Cross-Sectional Area
- Reduced Ratio of 24R,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 to 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3
- Reduced Ratio of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 to Vitamin D3
- Reduced Recovery Rate
- Reduced Red Blood Cell Count
- Reduced Renal Cell Cancer Incidence
- Reduced Renal Fibrogenesis
- Reduced Renal Free-CML
- Reduced Renal Hypertrophy
- Reduced Renal Inflammation
- Reduced Renal Pathological Damage
- Reduced Renal Recovery
- Reduced Renal Replacement Therapy
- Reduced Renal Sympathetic Activity
- Reduced Restless Legs Syndrome Symptoms
- Reduced Risk of COVID-19 Progression
- Reduced Risk of Infection
- Reduced Risk of Low Bone Mineral Density
- Reduced Senescence-Associated Beta-Galactosidase Activity
- Reduced Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype
- Reduced Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score
- Reduced Serum D-Lactate Levels
- Reduced Serum Ferritin Levels
- Reduced Serum Osteocalcin Levels
- Reduced Serum Phosphorus Level
- Reduced Serum Potassium Level
- Reduced Serum Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin Concentration
- Reduced Skin Dryness Symptoms
- Reduced Soluble CD14
- Reduced Soluble Fas/Fas Ligand Ratio
- Reduced Soluble Receptor of Advanced Glycation End Product Level
- Reduced Stigmasterol Absorption
- Reduced Subclinical Inflammation Parameter
- Reduced Succinate Levels
- Reduced Symptomatic Hypocalcemia
- Reduced TIM-3 Level
- Reduced TMAO Production
- Reduced Taste Disturbance Incidence
- Reduced Testosterone Level
- Reduced Thigh Circumference
- Reduced Total Antioxidant Capacity
- Reduced Total Iron
- Reduced Total Testosterone Level
- Reduced Total Thyroxine Level
- Reduced Total Triiodothyronine
- Reduced Toxic Amine Levels in Dialysis Patients
- Reduced Treatment Costs
- Reduced Triiodothyronine Level
- Reduced Trimethylamine N-oxide Level
- Reduced Trimethylamine N-oxide Levels
- Reduced Troponin T Level
- Reduced Unplanned Medical Re-presentations
- Reduced Unplanned Re-presentation
- Reduced Uremia Indicators
- Reduced Uremia Levels
- Reduced Uremic Toxins Levels
- Reduced Urinary 8-Isoprostane Level
- Reduced Urinary Albumin
- Reduced Urinary Albumin-Creatinine Ratio
- Reduced Urinary Calcium Level
- Reduced Urinary Creatinine Levels
- Reduced Urinary Frequency
- Reduced Urinary MMA Levels
- Reduced Urinary Nitrite Level
- Reduced Urinary Protein Level
- Reduced Urinary p-Cresol Excretion
- Reduced Urine Cocaine Metabolite Level
- Reduced Urine Urate Excretion
- Reduced Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus Acquisition
- Reduced Vascular Calcification
- Reduced Vascular Calcification Biomarker Level
- Reduced Vascular Calcification Progression
- Reduced Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
- Reduced Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Level
- Reduced Vitamin B-12 Level
- Reduced Vitamin B6 Level
- Reduced Vitamin C Level
- Reduced Vitamin D Level
- Reduced Vitamin D Metabolite Ratio
- Reduced Zinc Level
- Reduced hsCRP Level
- Reduction of Diabetes-Induced Organ Damage
- Regulated Blood Pressure
- Restoration of Homeostasis
- Slowed Disease Progression
- Slower CKD Progression
- Slower Weight Gain
- Stabilized Disease Progression
- Stable Kidney Function
- Tolerance of Probiotic in Immunocompromised Individuals
- Unchanged Body Composition
- Unchanged Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Levels
- Worsened Acidosis