5 Insights on

• Improved Cytokine Production
• Enhanced Cytokine Production
• Improved T-Cell Cytokine Production
• Increased Interleukin-6 Production in Macrophages
• Increased TNF-alpha Levels in Macrophages

20 Insights on

• Reduced Straining
• Increased Short-Chain Fatty Acid Levels
• Reduced Flatulence
• Increased Total Fecal Carboxylic Acids
• Increased Fecal Lactic Acid
• Reduced Sulphite-Reducing Clostridia
• Increased Stool Volume
• Reduced Stool Volume
• Increased Colonic Fermentation
• Improved Stool Softness
• Increased Acetic Acid Levels in Feces
• Increased Fecal Propionic Acid Levels
• Increased Fecal Acetic Acid Concentration
• Increased Fecal Lactic Acid Concentration
• Increased Short Chain Fatty Acids
• Increased Fecal Concentration of Propionic Acid
• Increased Faecal Carboxylic Acid Concentration
• No Change in Faecal Butyrate Concentration
• Unchanged Total Anaerobes, Gram-negative Anaerobes, and Total Aerobes
• Increased Fecal Carboxylic Acids Concentration

2 Insights on

• Reduced Pathogen Growth
• Improved Vaginal Colonization with Probiotics

13 Insights on

• Reduced Faecal pH
• Increased Gut Bifidobacteria
• Reduced Harmful Gut Bacteria
• Increased Beneficial Bifidobacteria
• Increased Bifidobacteria Count
• Reduced Beta-Glucuronidase Activity
• Reduced Fecal Excretion of Bacteroides Fragilis
• Reduced Fecal Excretion of Clostridium perfringens
• Reduced Fecal Excretion of Clostridial Spores
• Reduced Colon Cancer Risk
• Increased Bifidobacterial Counts
• Reduced Fecal Excretion of Pathogenic Bacteria
• Reduced Harmful Bacteria Fecal Excretion

3 Insights on

• Reduced Cholesterol Levels
• Reduced Serum Total Cholesterol Levels
• Increased Fecal Water Content

4 Insights on

• Reduced Duration of Diarrhea Symptoms
• Increased Fecal Lactobacillus Count
• Improved Colonization of Gastrointestinal Tract by Lactobacilli
• Reduced Duration of Watery Diarrhea

2 Insights on

• Increased Milk Production
• Unchanged Milk Composition

2 Insights on

• Improved Lactose Digestion
• Increased Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production

2 Insights on

• Improved Lactose Digestion
• Improved Lactose Tolerance

1 Insight on

• Reduction in Food-borne Botulism

3 Insights on

• Reduced Pathogen Infection
• Increased Antibacterial Activity Against Pathogens
• Reduced Pathogenic Bacterial Load In Vivo

5 Insights on

• Reduced Interferon-Gamma Production
• Preserved Insulin-Secreting Beta Cells
• Increased Proportion of CD45R+ B-cells
• Reduced Proportion of CD8+ T-Cells
• Increased Interleukin-2 Production

1 Insight on

• Reduced Nosocomial Infections

2 Insights on

• Reduced Pathogen Viability
• Anti-infective Effect Against Salmonella Typhimurium

5 Insights on

• Reduced Duration of Diarrhea
• Reduced Incidence of Watery Diarrhea
• Colonization of Gastrointestinal Tract by L. reuteri
• Reduced Duration of Diarrhea Symptoms
• Gastrointestinal Tract Colonization

2 Insights on

• Enhanced Carbohydrate Oxidation
• Increased Blood Lactate Levels

2 Insights on

• Reduced S. Typhimurium Infection
• Reduced Shigella flexneri Infection Risk

9 Insights on

• Reduced Intestinal Permeability
• Reduced Body Weight
• Reduced Endotoxin Levels
• Reduced Severity of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
• Reduced Bacterial Translocation
• Increased Bowel Mucosal Mass
• Reduced Intestinal Myeloperoxidase Level
• Reestablished Intestinal Microecology
• Reduced Intestinal Pathogens

2 Insights on

• Impaired Heterocyst Differentiation
• Increased Resistance to Cyanophage A-4(L)

5 Insights on

• Increased Beneficial Gut Microbiota
• Increased Lactobacillus Population
• Increased Bifidobacterial Population
• Reduced Fecal Mutagenicity
• Increased Population of Beneficial Gut Bacteria

5 Insights on

• Reduced Gastrointestinal Symptoms
• Reduced Flatulence
• Improved Lactose Digestion
• Reduced Symptoms of Lactose Malabsorption
• Reduced Breath Hydrogen Production

1 Insight on

• Reduced Proteolysis

2 Insights on

• Improved Phagocytic Activity
• Enhanced Non-specific Immune Defense

1 Insight on

• Reduced Fecal Bacterial Enzyme Activity

3 Insights on

• Reduced Total Cholesterol Levels
• Reduced Cancer Risk
• Reduced Pathogen Activity

1 Insight on

• Reduced Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Activity

2 Insights on

• Reduced Harmful Gut Bacteria
• Increased Beneficial Gut Bacteria

2 Insights on

• Reduced Incidence of Acute Diarrhoea
• Reduced Rotavirus Shedding

3 Insights on

• Improved Glucose Tolerance
• Reduced Serum Triglycerides
• Reduced Insulin Output (90-min)

4 Insights on

• Reduced Intestinal Permeability
• Improved Gut Permeability
• Enhanced Antibody Secretion
• Increased Antibody Secretion to Beta-Lactoglobulin