6 Insights on

• Improved Microflora Composition
• Improved Gut Microbiota
• Increased Bifidobacterium Levels
• Increased Beneficial Gut Microbiota
• Improved Immune Function
• Increased Beneficial Gut Bacteria

11 Insights on

• Improved Growth Performance
• Improved Immunological Response
• Improved Gastrointestinal Health
• Improved Intestinal Structure
• Enhanced Antioxidant Activity
• Enhanced Gene Expression
• Regulated Gene Expression
• Improved Immune Response
• Increased Antioxidant Activity
• Improved Body Composition
• Improved Feed Efficiency

20 Insights on

• Reduced Serum Triglyceride Levels
• Improved Resistance to V. parahaemolyticus Infection
• Reduced Opportunistic Pathogenic Bacteria Levels
• Reduced Harmful Gut Microbiota
• Enhanced Digestive Enzyme Activity
• Improved Intestinal Morphology
• Improved Infection Resistance
• Improved Digestive Enzyme Activity
• Improved Immune Response
• Improved Feed Utilization
• Enhanced Disease Resistance
• Improved Growth Performance
• Reduced Oxidative Stress
• Improved Feed Conversion Ratio
• Improved Microflora Composition
• Enhanced Immune Resistance
• Improved Beneficial Intestinal Bacteria
• Reduced Lipid Peroxidation
• Reduced Pathogenic Bacterial Abundance
• Improved Resistance to Pathogenic Infection

17 Insights on

• Increased Body Weight
• Improved Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase Activity
• Reduced Cecal Escherichia coli
• Improved Intestinal Function
• Increased Lysozyme mRNA Levels
• Increased Villus Height to Crypt Depth Ratio
• Improved Gut Health
• Reduced Interferon-Gamma (IFN-γ) mRNA Levels
• Improved Growth Performance
• Reduced Salmonella Translocation to Liver
• Increased Goblet Cell Count
• Elevated Alkaline Phosphatase Levels
• Reduced Crypt Depth
• Modulated Immune Response
• Reduced Salmonella Levels in Cecum
• Reduced Inflammatory Response
• Increased Pathogen Resistance

17 Insights on

• Increased Serum Lysozyme Levels
• Improved Average Daily Gain
• Increased Villus Height to Crypt Depth Ratio
• Reduced Interleukin-1β Levels
• Improved Immune Response
• Increased ZO-1 mRNA Expression in Jejunal Mucosa
• Improved Intestinal Barrier Function
• Increased Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Levels
• Reduced Inflammatory Markers
• Increased Serum Complement 3 (C3) Levels
• Improved Growth Performance
• Reduced Interleukin-1β Concentration
• Reduced TNF-α mRNA Expression
• Reduced Tumour Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA Expression
• Increased Serum Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Levels
• Reduced Inflammatory Response
• Increased Average Daily Gain

13 Insights on

• Enhanced Immune Function
• Reduced Inflammation Levels
• Increased Short-Chain Fatty Acid Levels
• Enhanced Antioxidant Enzyme Activity
• Reduced Proinflammatory Signaling
• Altered Gut Microbiota Composition
• Improved Immune Function
• Improved Body Weight
• Improved Gut Health
• Improved Antioxidant Capacity
• Improved Growth Performance
• Reduced Serum Xanthine Oxidase Activity
• Reduced Inflammatory Response

22 Insights on

• Reduced Inflammation Levels
• Reduced Oxidative Damage in Intestinal Tissue
• Reduced Harmful Gut Microbiota
• Enhanced Gut Flora Composition
• Enhanced Intestinal Immunity
• Improved Gut Microbiome Composition
• Reduced Intestinal Inflammation
• Improved Tight Junction Protein Expression
• Improved Intestinal Barrier Function
• Reduced Harmful Bacteria
• Improved Gut Microflora
• Reduced Hepatic Oxidative Stress
• Reduced Harmful Intestinal Bacteria
• Improved Abundance of Beneficial Bacteria
• Reduced Oxidative Damage in Cecal Tissues
• Reduced Bacterial Levels
• Reduced Oxidative Damage
• Reduced Harmful Gut Bacteria
• Improved Beneficial Intestinal Bacteria
• Altered Gut Microbiota
• Reduced Inflammatory Response
• Improved Intestinal Barrier Integrity

8 Insights on

• Increased Frequency of Complete Spontaneous Bowel Movements
• Altered Gut Microbiota Composition
• Reduced Abdominal Discomfort
• Reduced Bowel Discomfort Symptoms
• Increased Weekly Spontaneous Bowel Movements
• Improved Colonic Transit Time
• Increased Complete Spontaneous Bowel Movements
• Improved Intestinal Motility

5 Insights on

• Reduced Fecal Microbiota Diversity
• Improved Fecal Microbiota Diversity
• Improved Gastrointestinal Survival of Probiotics
• Reduced Susceptibility to Tetracycline
• Increased Tetracycline Resistance

2 Insights on

• Reduced Risk of Diarrhea
• Increased Total Bacterial Count

4 Insights on

• Enhanced Immune System Function
• Reduced Incidence of Infections
• Modulated Immune Response
• Improved Growth in Children

11 Insights on

• Reduced Osteoclast Activity
• Improved Aerobic to Anaerobic Bacteria Ratio
• Increased Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Levels
• Increased Ratio of Aerobic to Anaerobic Bacteria in Biofilm
• Altered Gut Microbiome Composition
• Reduced Osteoclast Number
• Reduced Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Levels
• Increased Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Expression
• Reduced Proinflammatory Cytokine Expression
• Reduced Alveolar Bone Resorption
• Reduced Attachment Loss

9 Insights on

• Reduced Periodontal Pathogen Burden
• Increased B. lactis HN019 DNA Copies
• Improved Clinical Attachment
• Reduced Proinflammatory Cytokine Levels
• Reduced Probing Depths
• Reduced Periodontal Pathogens
• Increased Subgingival Biofilm B. lactis HN019 DNA Levels
• Reduced Probing Depth
• Reduced Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines

8 Insights on

• Maintained General Health
• Increased Bacterial Translocation
• Improved Hematological Parameters
• Improved Blood Biochemistry
• Improved Overall Health Status
• No Adverse Health Effects
• Lack of Toxicity in Mice
• Improved Gut Mucosal Histology

19 Insights on

• Elevated Immune Marker Expression
• Reduced Gingivalis Adhesion
• Reduced Periodontopathogen Activity
• Improved Periodontal Health
• Enhanced CD4 Expression
• Reduced Gingival Bleeding
• Increased CD-4 Expression
• Increased Expression of Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4)
• Enhanced TLR4 Expression
• Enhanced Immunological Marker Expression
• Reduced Periodontal Pathogens
• Reduced Pathogen Adhesion
• Improved Immunological Response in Gingival Tissues
• Reduced Plaque Index
• Reduced Pathogen Adhesion to Buccal Epithelial Cells
• Reduced Porphyromonas Gingivalis Adhesion to Buccal Epithelial Cells
• Reduced Plaque Accumulation
• Increased Expression of Beta-Defensin 3
• Improved Immunocompetence of Gingival Tissues

10 Insights on

• Improved Ex Vivo Phagocytic Capacity
• Enhanced Phagocytic Function
• Increased Proportion of T Lymphocytes
• Improved Immune Response in Individuals with Poor Pretreatment
• Enhanced Phagocytic Capacity of Polymorphonuclear Phagocytes
• Increased Natural Killer Cell Proportion
• Enhanced Natural Killer Cell Tumoricidal Activity
• Enhanced Phagocytic Capacity of Mononuclear Phagocytes
• Increased Proportion of Activated T Lymphocytes
• Increased Helper T Lymphocyte Proportion

7 Insights on

• Absence of Adverse Events
• Improved Whole Gut Transit Time
• Reduced Frequency of Functional Gastrointestinal Symptoms
• Improved Supplement Tolerance
• No Adverse Events Observed
• Well-Tolerated Supplementation
• Reduced Whole Gut Transit Time

3 Insights on

• Increased Body Weight
• Improved Iron Levels
• Reduced Prevalence of Anemia

17 Insights on

• Reduced Periodontopathogens Expression
• Increased Osteoprotegerin Immunostaining
• Increased Proportion of Fecal Bifidobacterium lactis
• Reduced Interleukin-1β Levels
• Improved Bone Volume
• Reduced Immunoinflammatory Markers
• Modulated Inflammatory Response
• Increased Bone Volume
• Reduced Periodontopathogen Biofilm Expression
• Reduced Expression of Periodontal Pathogens
• Reduced Pathogenic Load
• Reduced Severity of Periodontitis
• Reduced Periodontopathogen Expression
• Reduced Inflammatory Responses
• Increased Fecal Bifidobacterium lactis Levels
• Increased Osteoprotegerin Expression
• Modulated Immunoinflammatory Parameters

2 Insights on

• Increased Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production
• Altered Gut Microbiome Composition

4 Insights on

• Probiotic Adherence Variability Based on Host Factors
• Reduced Occurrence of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
• Reduced Occurrence of Necrotizing Enterocolitis Stage ≥ 2
• Reduced Occurrence of NEC (Bell's Stage 2 or Higher)

2 Insights on

• Reduced Clostridium Difficile Growth
• Reduced Toxicity

16 Insights on

• Reduced Fecal Excretion of Clostridium perfringens
• Reduced Beta-Glucuronidase Activity
• Reduced Harmful Bacteria
• Increased Gut Bifidobacteria
• Reduced Fecal Excretion of Pathogenic Bacteria
• Increased Beta-Galactosidase Activity
• Increased Beneficial Bifidobacteria
• Reduced Faecal pH
• Increased Bifidobacterial Counts
• Reduced Fecal Excretion of Clostridial Spores
• Reduced Harmful Bacteria Fecal Excretion
• Increased Colonic Flora Fermentation Capacity
• Reduced Colon Cancer Risk
• Reduced Fecal Nitroreductase Activity
• Increased Bifidobacteria Count
• Reduced Fecal Excretion of Bacteroides Fragilis

4 Insights on

• Increased Fecal Bifidobacteria Levels
• Increased Speed to Full Feeding
• Earlier Achievement of Full Feeding
• Reduced Time to Reach Full Feeds

12 Insights on

• Reduced Allergic Lung Inflammation
• Altered Gut Microbiota Composition
• Improved Gut Microbiome Composition
• Reduced Th2 Cytokine Expression
• Reduced Eosinophils in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid
• Reduced Eosinophilic Inflammation
• Altered Fecal Microbiota Composition
• Prevented Allergic Reactions
• Reduced Histological Scores
• Reduced Th2 Cytokine Levels
• Reduced Lung Inflammation
• Reduced Allergic Markers

10 Insights on

• Similar Frequency of Adverse Events
• No Significant Changes in Blood Parameters
• Improved Growth Metrics
• Increased Fecal Bifidobacteria Levels
• Reduced Faecal Clostridium Population
• Increased Faecal Bifidobacteria Levels
• Achieved Adequate Infant Growth
• Increased Adverse Events
• Reduced Fecal Clostridium Levels
• Reduced Percentage of Clostridium lituseburense and Clostridium histolyticum

5 Insights on

• Altered Gut Microbiota Composition
• Increased Fecal Propionic Acid Levels
• Altered Brain Fatty Acid Composition
• Increased Visceral Fat Mass
• Increased Cecum Propionate Concentration

6 Insights on

• Formation of Bifidobacteria Predominant Microbiota
• Increased Bifidobacterial Levels
• Reduced Detection Rates of Clostridium
• Increased Detection of Bifidobacteria
• Reduced Enterobacteriaceae Counts
• Increased Proportion of Bifidobacteria in Gut Microbiota

11 Insights on

• NEC Stage II or Higher
• NEC Stage II or Higher / All-Cause Mortality
• Increased Late-Onset Sepsis Incidence
• Necrotizing Enterocolitis Stage II
• Time to Full Enteral Feeding in Postnatal Age
• Reduced Incidence of NEC Stage II or Greater
• Necrotizing Enterocolitis Stage II or Higher
• Advanced Necrotizing Enterocolitis
• Reduced Risk of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
• Reduced All-Cause Mortality
• Reduced Necrotising Enterocolitis

10 Insights on

• Reduced Small-Intestinal Enteropathy
• Reduced Small-Intestinal Damage
• Reduced Ulcer Count
• Reduced Incidence of Adverse Events
• Reduced Intestinal Damage
• Reduced Incidence of Ulcers
• Increased Safety
• Reduced Ulcers Caused by ASA
• Reduced Small-intestinal Ulcers
• Reduced Ulcer Formation